Lisbon, Portugal vs Valencia, Spain for retirement

Use: Planning estimate; not used to determine comparison winners.

Evidence: Hybrid

Reason: Budget Ranking Ineligible

Basis: Estimated

Source: Statistics Portugal / INE; European Central Bank; ERSAR; Eurostat

Data period: INE rent Trailing 12 months ending March 2026; Census 2021; ECB 2026-07-15; ERSAR 2025; Eurostat 2025-S2/2025-S2; ECB 2026-07-10; Eurostat HBS/PPP 2020; HICP 2025

How measured: Model-limited retired-couple monthly cash-spending estimate using the municipality 2BR rent profile, the separately sourced full household utility bundle, and Eurostat two-adult grocery, transportation, and out-of-pocket healthcare spending adjusted by the age-60-plus expenditure pattern, 2025 HICP, and ECB exchange rate. Renter property tax is not applicable; income taxes and discretionary spending are excluded; no model buffer is included.

Use: Planning estimate; not used to determine comparison winners.

Evidence: Hybrid

Reason: Budget Ranking Ineligible

Basis: Estimated

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (INE); Agencia Estatal de Administracion Tributaria (AEAT); European Central Bank

Data period: INE EPF actual rent 2025; AEAT habitual rent 2024; ECB 2026-07-13; INE EPF 2025

How measured: Model-limited couple monthly cash-spending estimate using the INE actual-rent baseline adjusted by the AEAT municipality price index and disclosed 2BR size factor, plus INE EPF 2025 couple-without-children groceries, transportation, healthcare, and complete household utilities. The household-type source is not age-specific, so this is not presented as a direct retired-couple observation. Renter property tax is not applicable; income taxes and discretionary spending are excluded; no model buffer is included.

Use: Planning estimate; not used to determine comparison winners.

Evidence: Modeled

Reason: Model Limited

Basis: Estimated

Source: Statistics Portugal / INE; European Central Bank

Data period: INE rent Trailing 12 months ending March 2026; Census 2021; ECB 2026-07-15

How measured: Statistics Portugal trailing-12-month municipality median rent per useful square meter for new lease agreements is multiplied by the midpoint of that municipality's 2021 Census weighted-median useful-area band for two-division and three-division usual-residence dwellings, then converted with the ECB EUR/USD reference rate. This row uses the T1 proxy: two divisions profile and 30 m² - 39 m² weighted-median area band. These are planning profiles, not observed bedroom-specific lease amounts. T1 and T2 are proxied by two and three Census divisions, the rent-per-square-meter source covers all dwelling typologies, and the dwelling-size distribution is from 2021. The published range preserves the full weighted-median area band.

Use: Planning estimate; not used to determine comparison winners.

Evidence: Modeled

Reason: Model Limited

Basis: Estimated

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (INE); Agencia Estatal de Administracion Tributaria (AEAT); European Central Bank

Data period: INE EPF actual rent 2025; AEAT habitual rent 2024; ECB 2026-07-13

How measured: INE 2025 average actual primary-residence rent among renter households is the rent-exclusive national baseline. It is adjusted by the AEAT 2024 municipality-to-national habitual-rent price-per-square-meter ratio, by the disclosed 50 m2/70 m2 bedroom planning factor, and by the dated ECB EUR/USD reference rate. Model-limited planning profiles, not observed one-bedroom or two-bedroom rents or current asking rents. INE supplies a national actual-rent amount only for households with rent expense; AEAT supplies the municipality price adjustment but not bedroom count. Utilities are separate COICOP categories and are excluded from this rent anchor.

Availability: Source unavailable

Evidence: Derived

Reason: Secondary Hrsa Primary Care Source Unavailable

Basis: Published context

Source: Source unavailable

How measured: No verified source-backed healthcare value is available for this row yet.

Use: Planning estimate; not used to determine comparison winners.

Evidence: Modeled

Reason: Modeled Requires Reviewed Decision

Basis: Modeled

Source: Spain Health Ministry; INE

How measured: spain_municipal_facility_rates_v1: official municipal 45% hospital-bed rate, 35% primary-care-center rate, and 20% urgent-care-center rate with 2025 INE population; excludes travel, waits, quality, and specialties.

Availability: Source unavailable

Evidence: Derived

Reason: Secondary Hrsa Primary Care Source Unavailable

Basis: Published context

Source: Source unavailable

How measured: No verified source-backed healthcare value is available for this row yet.

Use: Planning estimate; not used to determine comparison winners.

Evidence: Modeled

Reason: Modeled Requires Reviewed Decision

Basis: Modeled

Source: Spain Health Ministry; INE

How measured: spain_municipal_facility_rates_v1: official municipal primary-care centers per 100,000, capped at 8 with 2025 INE population; excludes travel, waits, quality, and specialties.

Evidence: Derived

Basis: Estimated

Source: NOAA/NASA source-backed climate component formula

How measured: Derived climate score formula v1: Summer Feel is scored from annual days above 90F; Winter Feel is scored from annual days below freezing; Climate Comfort averages Summer Feel, Winter Feel, and source-backed comfortable-months score.

Evidence: Derived

Basis: Estimated

Source: NOAA/NASA source-backed climate component formula

How measured: Derived climate score formula v1: Summer Feel is scored from annual days above 90F; Winter Feel is scored from annual days below freezing; Climate Comfort averages Summer Feel, Winter Feel, and source-backed comfortable-months score.

Use: Planning estimate; not used to determine comparison winners.

Evidence: Modeled

Reason: Modeled Requires Reviewed Decision

Basis: Modeled

Source: Open-Meteo / Copernicus CAMS

Observed: 2026-05-18T17:35:06.466Z

How measured: Air Quality is scored from the 2021-2025 average of 43824 hourly Copernicus CAMS PM2.5 model values at the city coordinate. No nearby qualifying EPA multiyear monitor is available, so this remains explicitly modeled.

Use: Planning estimate; not used to determine comparison winners.

Evidence: Modeled

Reason: Modeled Requires Reviewed Decision

Basis: Modeled

Source: Open-Meteo / Copernicus CAMS

Observed: 2026-05-18T18:10:58.633Z

How measured: Air Quality is scored from the 2021-2025 average of 43824 hourly Copernicus CAMS PM2.5 model values at the city coordinate. No nearby qualifying EPA multiyear monitor is available, so this remains explicitly modeled.

Evidence: Observed

Basis: City-level

Source: Speedtest by Ookla Open Data

How measured: Weighted median of fixed-broadband tile average download speeds within city radius, weighted by tests. Observation window ended 2026-03-31.

Evidence: Observed

Basis: City-level

Source: Speedtest by Ookla Open Data

How measured: Weighted median of fixed-broadband tile average download speeds within city radius, weighted by tests. Observation window ended 2026-03-31.